Analysis of Anaesthetic Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Analysis of Anaesthetic Nursing - Research Paper Example Since nurses have to play a significant role in the patients’ care, tactfulness, knowledge, experience in handling an emergency situation, discretion, judgment, alertness, and empathy on their part are very important for overall efficiency in treatment to the patients. Evidence-based anesthesia nursing practice calls for placing more emphasis on literature evidence than scientific studies for enhancing the expertise in the field of anesthesia. For use of current evidence in providing care to the patients, it is essential to analyze the existing evidence in terms of definition of the problem, applications used to overcome the problems, methods adopted, reliability of the evidences used for the study, clinical trials, surveys, expert opinions or case reports and applicability of the evidences to the present case for formulating strategies and implementation by establishing standards. Evolution of Anaesthetic nursing Though Nightingale’s ideology is considered as the start ing point for modern nursing, the theoretical basis for nursing has evolved later in history. Frederic Hewitt’s textbook on Anaesthetics and their Administration in 1893 was an important milestone in training in the field of anesthesia (Scurr, 1971, p. 275). Ether and chloroform had been used as anesthetic agents for a long time as they were effective and fast. A patient â€Å"under ether, sinks into a calm and dreamless sleep† and surgery is performed successfully without suffering pain, but â€Å"the danger in breathing ether is chiefly from impeded or failing respiration† (Cheever, 1884, p. 509). However, after the advent of advanced and safer inhalation anesthetic agents, the use of ether and chloroform has been gradually stopped. Chloroform was widely used as an anesthetic agent. However, it was later found that it caused cardiac problems to the patients and abandoned also due to its toxic properties. Brandy, opium, and cocaine were used as anesthetics thro ughout the world in various countries. There is a number of derivatives such as amylocaine and procaine that are cocaine based. Regulations and standardization in different countries brought control over their manufacturing and use. Opioid compounds have been used in the treatment of pain for a long time in medical history due to its analgesic effects. Opiate-based drugs like Codeine and Hydrocodone have been used as pain killers. These drugs have addictive properties which lead to dependence on these drugs. Morphine is a widely used opiate analgesic drug and regarded as a standard analgesic. The advent of morphine which could be injected hypodermically changed the course of anaesthesiology completely. Diamorphine called a heroine used to treat severe pain can also be administered intravenously. Nitrous oxide is commonly used in dentistry as inhalation analgesia. It is considered effective and safe to provide moderate sedation. It is effective as a general anesthesia for suppressing all sensations. It should be cautiously used in some cases like schizophrenia or pregnancy. â€Å"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used for about 150 years in clinical anesthesia.  Ã‚  

Market Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Market Orientation - Essay Example Several fundamentals of modern business and marketing practices date back to the ancient Greeks, the Phoenicians, and the Venetian traders. The term "marketing concept" was presented first in the1700s by Adam Smith, the Father of Modern Economics. He said that the customer should be made the focus of a business. According to Kohli and Jaworski (1990), the marketing concept is a business philosophy, whereas the term market orientation refers to the actual implementation of the marketing concept. Market orientation involves the production of goods vigilantly researched and designed to appeal to customers. Product orientation, on the other hand refers to the culture where the product is designed and produced without any market research and thus it is unclear whether the product would appeal and satisfy the customer or not. Proponents of Market orientation believe that the customer is the king and so it is important to continually assess and satisfy the changing needs and wants of the customer (Slater and Narver 1994). What does he prefer What product size is most beneficial to him From where does he make his purchases Does he buy in bulk To answer these questions organizations need timely marketing information systems, market research, decision support systems and diffusion of such market intelligence at all levels in the organization (Kohli and Jaworski 1990) Based on extensive interviews with managers and execut... Market Orientation Matrix2 Market orientation is a concept with two major components: (1) customer-focus and (2) competitor-focus. This conceptualization leads to four distinct strategic types. In an ideal world, firms should seek to understand both customers and competitors but resource constraints may lead to trade offs. However, much before a business starts to gather competitive intelligence it must conduct a SWOT analysis for itself. It must know where exactly does it stand in the market. Customer Preoccupied: are firms that stress on gathering customer focused intelligence at the expense of competitor information. According to Von Hippel (1986) a customer oriented approach is important, but focusing on competitors is more important when markets are growing as they serve as 'reference points for later adopters'. Marketing Warriors are firms that focus their attention to who their competitors are, what they are doing, and what do they plan to do. Such firms try to identify their own strengths and weaknesses in order to stay ahead of competition. This may be suitable when demand is predictable and there are few powerful customers. Strategically Integrated: are those firms that assign equal importance to customer and competitor intelligence. According to Day & Wensley a focus largely on either customer or competitors can lead to 'a partial and biased picture of reality.' Therefore a balance between these two is the most appropriate option. Strategically inept: are firms that fail to adapt to the changing market environment and focus only on internal operations, technological advances etc. Since external analysis is an imperative part of strategic planning, failure to do so can be